NeuroSim 运行于Windows系统，是一款神经生理学讲授软件，重要是本科生和低级钻研生。它还可以为有经验的神经生理学家提供娱乐，也许还有一些有效的见解。它几个？，？榉抡丈窬澳艿姆矫。这些仿照彼此各自运行。但共享通用接口。用户选择仿照所需的尝试和神经生理学参数，而后进行尝试。推算机产生的了局与真实电生理尝试中的示波器。而后，用户能够扭转参数以索求分歧前提的影响。NeuroSim拥有直观的界面，因而学生能够用于基础科学。这些法式的设计拥有性和可配置性，因而仿照都能够在使用，从的合用于低级课程的景象到高档数据处置和分析。

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六大？

HODGKIN-HUXLEY仿照神经激昂的Hodgkin-Huxley模型Ｄ芄辉诘缌髑换虻缪骨荒Ｊ较率┘恿礁黾だ龀，激励脉冲拥有方波或斜波波形以及用户界说的幅度和时序Ｄ芄环抡站跋，不应期，阈值调节，电压钳尾电流，但通路膜片钳电导等。动画显示了细胞膜中分子的作用，能够使用药物，并且温度和粒子浓度能够变动。

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GOLDMAN

GOLDMAN仿照Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz常数场方程（为简洁起见，称为Goldman方程）。这使学生可能索求粒子浓度和平衡电视以及相对离子渗入率和膜电势之间的关系。他针对一系列离子参数明确推算能斯特和高盛方程。

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膜

膜建复法式仿照单个粒子通路的动力学。提供了三种的模型：两种状态的打开/关关通路；三态激昂剂激活的通路（关关/未绑定，关关/绑定，打开/绑定）；和三态关关，打开，阻塞通路。该法式还能够使用用户界说的跃迁速度常数对5个状态的通路进行建模，能够显示打开功夫和关关功夫直方图，并叠加多指数曲线。提供了的突发分析选项。

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被动传导

被动传导仿照神经元色非尖峰传导（电缆）。尝试情况下。有长而均匀的不刺突轴突或树突，其中插入了六个Microelectrode。该线一端的 Electrode 用于注入正或符电流的方波。五个?Electrode?用于丈量电压。用户能够调整电流脉冲的幅度，持续功夫和延长，五个纪录 Electrode 相对于电流注入地位的地位。用户能够通过设置其膜的和直径来“构建”轴突。主张是显示凭据轴突的，对电流脉冲的电压响应若何随功夫和距离而变动。它显示了信号衰减若何与功夫常数和空间常数属性有关。功夫求和能够证明。膜电位能够显示为电位随功夫变动的图表。

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网格

NETWORK允许用户构建通过非突或突化学突触和整流或非突触电突触互连的神经元的肆意电路。神经元的膜能够各自设置，选择使神经元成为内源性发作源。只管简化了活动膜功夫以大水平地提高了速度，但能够峰值（例如阈值调节）Ｄ芄唤缢捣群桶词钡某⑹缘缌髀龀逯钊缟窬Ｄ芄唤缢捣制缋嘈偷耐淮，拥有分歧回转电位，突触强度和推进的化学突触，以及拥有分歧整流的电突触；淮タ伤缘缪挂览敌缘。拥有界说的进补或随机突触输入可撞击神经元。这些职能使电路景象的领域宽泛，内源性和网络振荡器，感触系统的横向一向以及Ｄ芄皇褂肏ebbian属性界说突触，当突触前和突触后神经元共同活跃时，衔接的强度会加强，例如持久加强（LTP）。提供了一系列使用此类Hebbian突触钻研进建和影象过程的职能。

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神经元突触

NEURON / SYNAPSE是单室神经元模型，其中能够结合电压依赖性和突触电导。它旨在钻研比尺度HH模型更复杂的蜂窝系统，但它提供了的电流钳和电压钳尝试设备Ｄ芄痪胖钟氲缪褂泄氐耐防嘈，每种类型都拥有效户以的特大电导和平衡电势，以及使用内置方程编纂器界说的激活和失活动力学Ｄ芄环抡障赴诟婆ǘ鹊牡唪，并且能够使通路都依赖钙。这意味着能够仿照各样的神经元类型，内源性发作器，拥有大A电流的神经元等。Neuron / Synapse仿照可用于复造文件中的经典仿照和进行具体钻研动力学和变动的生理后果，除了电压有关通路表，还能够物种配体门控（突触）通路类型，都拥有方波或α波形电导曲线，并界说了特大电导和平衡电势。突触事务能够显示推进或削减，可所以电导增长或削减的类型，并且能够显示电压依赖性？梢晕绲荚龀ね淮ソ缢刀靠偷牟问，从而能够对幅度颠簸进行统计分析。这允许对离子型突触后事务及其与电压依赖性屠刀的相互作用进行具体钻研？伤缘绲荚龀せ蛳骷醯睦嘈，并且能够显示电压依赖性？梢晕绲荚龀ね淮ソ缢刀靠偷牟问，从而能够对幅度颠簸进行统计分析。这允许对离子型突触功夫以及与电压依赖性通路的相互作用进行具体钻研。

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【英文介绍】

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NeuroSim for Windows is a computer program intended for use in teaching neurophysiology, primarily at the undergraduate and beginning graduate-student level. It may also provide entertainment, and perhaps some useful insights, for experienced neurophysiologists. It contains several modules, each of which simulates a particular aspect of neural function. The modules operate independently of each other, but share a common interface. The user first selects the experimental and neurophysiological parameters desired for the particular simulation, and then runs an experiment. The computer generates results that are similar to that of an oscilloscope in a genuine electrophysiological experiment. The user can then vary the parameters to explore the effects of differing conditions. NeuroSim has an intuitive interface so students can concentrate on the underlying science. The programs have been designed for maximum flexibility and configurability, so that each simulation can be used at a range of levels, from simple illustration of phenomena suitable for junior courses, through to advanced data handling and analysis. NeuroSim currently contains six modules. It has won an important prize for Technology in Learning.

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The Six Modules

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HH

HODGKIN-HUXLEY simulates the Hodgkin-Huxley model of a nerve impulse. Two stimulus pulses can be applied in either current clamp or voltage clamp mode, each with square or ramp waveform and user-defined amplitude and timing. A wide range of phenomena can be simulated, including refractory period, threshold accommodation, voltage clamp tail currents, single channel patch clamp conductances and many others. An animated cartoon shows the action of molecular gates in the cell membrane. Various drugs can be applied, and the temperature and ionic concentrations can be varied.

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GOLDMAN

GOLDMAN simulates the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz constant field equation (known as the Goldman equation for brevity). This allows students to explore the relationship between ionic concentrations and equilibrium potentials, and relative ionic permeability and the membrane potential. It explicitly calculates the Nernst and Goldman equations for a range of ionic parameters.

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MEMBRANE

MEMBRANE PATCH simulates the kinetic properties of single ion channels. Three simple models are supplied: a two-state open/shut channel; a 3-state agonist-activated channel (shut/unbound, shut/bound, open/bound); and a 3-state shut, open, blocked channel. The program can also model a channel with up to 5 states with user-defined transition rate constants. Open-time and shut-time histograms can be displayed, with multi-exponential curves superimposed. A simple burst analysis option is available. Raw data of open and shut times can be exported to ASCII files for more sophisticated analysis.

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PASSIVE CONDUCTION

PASSIVE CONDUCTION simulates the non-spiking conduction properties (the cable properties) of a neuron. The experimental situation is as follows. There is a long non-spiking axon or dendrite of uniform length, into which six microelectrodes are inserted. The electrode at one end of this line is used to inject square pulses of positive or negative current. The other five electrodes are used for measuring voltage. The user can adjust the amplitude, duration and delay of the current pulses, and the location of the five recording electrodes relative to the site of current injection. The user "builds" the axon by setting its membrane characteristics and diameter. The aim is to show how the voltage response to a current pulse varies with time and distance, according to the characteristics of the axon. It demonstrates how signal attenuation relates to the properties of time constant and space constant. Temporal summation can be demonstrated. The membrane potential can be displayed either as a graph of potential against time, or potential against axon location of the recording electrodes.

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NETWORK

NETWORK allows the user to construct arbitrary circuits of neurons interconnected by non-spiking or spiking chemical synapses and rectifying or non-rectifying electrical synapses. Many of the membrane properties of each neuron can be set individually, including the option of making a neuron an endogenous burster. Although active membrane events are simplified to maximize speed, spike characteristics such as threshold accommodation can be included. Experimental current pulses of defined amplitude and timing can be injected into any neuron. Many different types of synapses can be defined, including chemical synapses with different reversal potentials, synaptic strengths and facilitation properties, and electrical synapses with different rectification properties. Chemical synapses can be voltage dependent. Tonic or random synaptic input with defined characteristics can impinge on any neuron. These features enable a very wide range of circuit phenomena to be demonstrated, including endogenous and network oscillators, lateral inhibition in sensory systems, and many others. Synapses can be defined with Hebbian properties, where the strength of the connection is augmented when pre- and post-synaptic neurons are co-active, as in long-term potentiation (LTP). A range of features to support investigation of learning and memory processes using such Hebbian synapses are available.

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NEURON/SYNAPSE

NEURON/SYNAPSE is a single-compartment neuron model in which both voltage-dependent and synaptic conductances can be incorporated. It is intended for investigating more complex cellular systems than that of the standard HH model, but it provides similar current clamp and voltage clamp experimental facilities. Up to nine voltage-dependent channel types can be included, each with user-defined maximum conductance and equilibrium potential, and with activation and inactivation kinetics defined using a built-in equation editor. Intracellular calcium concentration fluctuations can be simulated, and any channel can be made calcium dependent. This means that a wide variety of neuron types can be simulated, including endogenous bursters, neurons with a large A current, etc. The Neuron/Synapse simulation can be used to replicate many classic simulations from the literature, and/or to explore in detail the physiological consequences of variations in channel kinetics and other properties. In addition to the voltage-dependent channels, up to five ligand gated (synaptic) channel types can also be included, each with either a square or alpha-waveform conductance profile and defined maximum conductance and equilibrium potential. Synaptic events can show facilitation or decrement, can be of conductance increase or decrease type, and can show voltage dependence. The parameters for quantal release can be defined for conductance increase synapses, allowing statistical analysis of amplitude fluctuations. This allows the detailed exploration of ionotropic post-synaptic events, and their interaction with voltage-dependent channels.

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