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Canoco是一套在生态学及几个有关领域内使用排序步骤来进行多变量统计分析的常用法式包
。 Canoco 5是一套沉新沉构的Canoco软件，颁布于2012年十月，是生态学利用软件中用于约束与非约束排序的工具
。

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Canoco 5合了排序以及回归和分列步骤学，以便得到的生态数据统计模型
。Canoco 5线性和曲线单峰步骤
。使用Canoco 5进行排序，可能相识：

• 生物群落的结构

• 植物与动物群落以及它们的环境之间的联系

• ?对环境和(或)其生物群落的如果冲击所能造成的影响

• 在生物群落上进行的複杂生态学和生态毒理学尝试的有关处置所能造成的影响

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软件

• Canoco 5实现了靠近在排版方面的进展，例如变动分区，协同对应分析和基于距离的冗余分析，但重要的进展是用户的敦睦性
  。在Canoco 5中，数据导入，分析和绘造图形被到Canoco 5项目中
  。

• Canoco援手选择数据转换和分析步骤
  。从前必要屡次运行的数值分析，此刻能够通过单峰分析模板和分析笔记简洁地总结了局，并允许接见的了局
  。

• 对一组数据暗示所做的分析此刻都在Canoco 5项目中手机，共享分析和画图设置
  。Canoco 5有助于造作更好的颁布质量排序图
  。

• 手册已经被沉新编写，大量的现实生涯中的粒子被更新和扩大，以展示处置多变量数据的新步骤
  。

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软件职能

• 对两组或三组预测者来说，变动划分很实现，凭据部门或非部门分析和使用原始或调整的变动估计推算被诠释的变动的各个部门
  。

• 在变分划分框架中，能够使用邻矩阵主坐标（PCNM）步骤
  。目前的实现切合Legendre&Legendre（2012）中的步骤名称（dbMEM）下的建议
  。

• 推算、测试和绘造主响应曲线（PRC）此刻是一项的工作
  。

• 工队应分析（CoCA，对称大局）可用，蒙特卡罗置换测试两种比力群落类型的共变异
  。

• 预测器的逐步选择在视觉上得到了加强，此刻提供了对I型谬误膨胀的；ぃㄓ迷げ馄鹘谐醪讲馐，通过三种步骤之一调整P值：谬误发现率（FDR）估计、Holm校对和Bonferroin校对）
  。

• 能够直接测试约束轴，并将两个培训了局与Procrustes分析进行比力

• 您能够地处置物种的职能或导入物种的系统发育有关数据，以及推算和使用职能多样性
  。

• 可视化职能得到了加强，例如半通明填充色，在纵坐标图中显示变量箭头的校准轴或绘造封关椭圆以代替封关多边形
  。在现有文件体式（PNG、BMP 、EMF、Adobe Illustrator）中增长了JPEG、TIFF和PDF文件格斯的导出类型
  。

• 您的工作由高低文敏感的援手系统和Cancona - 系统，援手您为那您的钻研问题Corre选择相宜的分析步骤
  。

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操作系统：

Canoco在Windows 8 、 8.1或10的32位和64位版本的尺度台式机和笔记本电脑上都能够正常工作
。

Canoco 5也能够在Microsoft操作系统上运行，从装置了（Service Pcak）2或SP3的Microsoft Windows XP起头
。这也Windows Vista和Windows 7
。

Canoco 5经过测试，能够在Linux上的Wine环境下运行，并且也能够在CrossOver软件包的环境中运行
。

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【英文介绍】

Canoco is one of the most popular programs for multivariate statistical analysis using ordination methods in the field of ecology and several related fields. User's Guides of the recent Canoco versions (4.0, 4.5 and 5.0) were cited more than 9200 times in the past 18 years (1999-2017, ISI Web of Knowledge).

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Canoco 5 is the latest, much re-worked version of the Canoco software, released in October 2012.

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The main features of the Canoco 5 program are summarized in the following points.

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Analytical and graphing capabilities are integrated with an easy-to-use spreadsheet data editor in a single program. All analyses done on a set of data tables are now collected within a Canoco 5 project, sharing the analytical and graphing settings.

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All statistical methods offered by Canoco for Windows 4.5 are available, such as DCA, CA, CCA, DCCA, PCA, and RDA methods - including their partial variants, with Monte Carlo permutation tests for constrained ordination methods, offering appropriate permutation setup for data coming from non-trivial sampling designs.

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For newly available methods see below.

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All visualization tools offered by CanoDraw 4.x are available (including loess, GLM and GAM models for the visualization of data attributes in ordination space) and many of them are improved.????

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Data can be entered within the program itself or easily imported from Excel (.XLS or .XLSX formats) or from Canoco 4.x data files. Labels no longer need to be shortened to 8 characters, but these brief forms are still available for display in the ordination diagrams and can even be automatically generated from the long ones. Standard coding of factors (categorical predictors) is now used, dummy (0/1) variables are generated internally. The editor allows transformation from dummy variables to factors and, if needed, the reverse.

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?Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and distance based RDA (db-RDA) are now easily accessible, with new distance measures added (11 distance types in total, including Bray-Curtis, Gower distance, or Jaccard coefficients). Similarly, non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) is also supported.

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Variation partitioning is easily accessible for two or three groups of predictors including calculations of individual fractions of explained variation, based either on partial or non-partial analyses and using either raw or adjusted variation estimates.?????

Principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM) method is available within the variation partitioning framework. Present implementation matches the suggestions described in Legendre & Legendre (2012) under an alternative method name (dbMEM).

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Computing, testing and graphing of the Principal Response Curves (PRC) is now an easy task.

Co-correspondence analysis (CoCA, symmetric form) is available, including Monte Carlo permutation testing of the covariation among the two compared community types.??????

Stepwise selection of predictors was visually enhanced and provides now the support for protection against Type I error inflation (preliminary test with all predictors and the adjustment of p values by one of three methods: false discovery rate (FDR) estimates, Holm correction, and Bonferroni correction.

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Straightforward testing of all constrained axes as well as comparing results of two ordinations with Procrustes analysis is available.

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You can easily work with species functional traits or import the data on phylogenetic relatedness of species, as well as calculate and use functional diversity.

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Visualization capabilities were enhanced with features such as the semi-transparent fill colours, displaying calibration axes for variable' arrows in ordination diagrams, or plotting enclosing ellipses as an alternative to enclosing polygons. Additional types of export in JPEG, TIFF, and PDF file formats were added to existing ones (PNG, BMP, EMF, Adobe Illustrator).

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Every step of your work is supported by an context-sensitive help system and by the Canoco Adviser – an expert system that helps you to select a proper analytical method for your research question, correct type of ordination model (linear vs. unimodal), data transformation, or appropriate visualization of the results. It even advises you how to interpret ordination diagrams you create with the help of Graph Wizard.

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Advanced users can combine multiple methods in a single analysis, including generalized linear models to correlate scores etc.

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